Deep transfer learning for land use and land cover classification. A comparative study

Efficiently implementing remote sensing image classification with high spatial resolution imagery can provide significant value in land use and land cover (LULC) classification. The new advances in remote sensing and deep learning technologies have facilitated the extraction of spa-tiotemporal information for LULC classification. Moreover, diverse disciplines of science, including remote sensing, have utilised tremendous improvements in image classification involving convo-lutional neural networks (CNNs) with transfer learning. In this study, instead of training CNNs from scratch, the transfer learning was applied to fine-tune pre-trained networks Visual Geometry Group (VGG16) and Wide Residual Networks (WRNs), by replacing the final layers with additional layers, for LULC classification using the red–green–blue version of the EuroSAT dataset. Moreover, the performance and computational time are compared and optimised with techniques such as early stopping, gradient clipping, adaptive learning rates, and data augmentation. The proposed approaches have addressed the limited-data problem, and very good accuracies were achieved. The results show that the proposed method based on WRNs outperformed the previous best results in terms of computational efficiency and accuracy, by achieving 99.17%.